LiFePO4 Battery Technology: Complete UK Guide to Lithium Iron Phosphate
By Richard / November 2025. I’m not an energy expert. I’m an engineer who likes pulling things apart to understand how they work. So when I set up my own off-grid solar system using LiFePO4 batteries, I went deep on the technology—testing it, comparing it to alternatives, and figuring out what actually works versus what’s marketing hype. This guide is everything I learned, laid out so you can make the right choice for your campervan, cabin, or home backup system.
What you need to know:
- LiFePO4 (Lithium Iron Phosphate) is safer, more reliable, and cheaper over 15 years than lead-acid batteries—even though the upfront cost is higher.
- A 12V 100 Ah LiFePO4 costs £220–£300 in the UK (November 2025); prices per kWh have dropped significantly since 2020.
- Lifespan is 10–15+ years with 3,000–5,000 charge cycles. Lead-acid batteries last 3–5 years with 300–500 cycles.
- LiFePO4 requires zero maintenance. No water top-ups, no equalization, no sulfation risks.
- Quality matters enormously. Buy from Fogstar, Victron, or Renogy. Cheap Chinese brands will fail in 2–3 years.
- You can fully discharge LiFePO4 to 0% without damage. Lead-acid degrades quickly if discharged past 50%.
- Installation is straightforward for a competent DIYer, or £300–£1,200 professionally installed.
What Is LiFePO4? The Technology You Need to Understand
LiFePO4 stands for Lithium Iron Phosphate. It’s a rechargeable battery chemistry that uses iron and phosphate compounds as the cathode material, making it fundamentally different from the cobalt-based lithium-ion batteries in your phone or laptop.
The key difference: LiFePO4 is designed to be chemically stable and thermally safe. It won’t catch fire under normal conditions (or even most abnormal ones). It won’t overheat. It doesn’t degrade when fully discharged. This makes it perfect for stationary applications like solar systems, campervans, and off-grid homes.
My approach to understanding this was the same as it always is: I pulled apart what I didn’t understand, looked at how the cells actually work, tested real batteries, and compared them side-by-side with alternatives. Here’s what the engineering shows.
Key Characteristics
- Chemistry: LiFePO₄ cathode, graphite anode, electrolyte solution
- Nominal Voltage: 3.2V per cell (12V, 24V, 48V systems available)
- Energy Density: ~100–120 Wh/kg in a complete pack (including the case, BMS, terminals)
- Cycle Life: 3,000–5,000+ cycles at 80% DoD (Depth of Discharge)
- Lifespan: 10–15+ years with proper maintenance
- Thermal Stability: Extremely stable; no risk of thermal runaway
- Operating Temperature: -10°C to 55°C for discharge; 0°C to 45°C for charging
- Recommended DoD: 80% for maximum cycle life; up to 100% usable but reduces lifespan slightly
How LiFePO4 Batteries Work
The chemistry is straightforward: when you charge the battery, lithium ions move from the cathode through an electrolyte to the anode. Electrons flow outside the battery, creating electrical current. When you discharge, the process reverses. Modern LiFePO4 batteries achieve 95%+ round-trip efficiency—meaning if you put 100 units of energy in, you get 95 units back.
The Battery Management System (BMS) Is Critical
Every quality LiFePO4 battery includes a BMS—a small circuit board that monitors and protects the battery in real-time. The BMS:
- Monitors voltage and current continuously
- Prevents overcharging and over-discharging
- Balances individual cells automatically
- Disconnects the battery if internal temperature becomes unsafe
- Often communicates status to external apps or displays
The quality of the BMS is as important as the cells themselves. A cheap battery with a poor BMS will fail prematurely or create safety hazards. This is the main difference between a £220 Fogstar battery and a £100 Chinese knock-off.
LiFePO4 Options in the UK: What’s Available Right Now
LiFePO4 batteries come in different voltage systems. Here’s what’s actually available in the UK market in November 2025, with real pricing from major retailers:
12V LiFePO4 (Most Popular for Campervans & Small Systems)
| Capacity | Energy (kWh) | Best For | Typical UK Price* |
|---|---|---|---|
| 100 Ah | 1.28 kWh | Small vans, RVs, light solar | £220–£300 |
| 230 Ah | 2.94 kWh | Campervan, medium solar | £450–£650 |
| 280 Ah | 3.58 kWh | Larger campervan, off-grid cabin | £550–£700 |
| 300 Ah | 3.84 kWh | Off-grid cabin, serious solar | £650–£800 |
The Fogstar Drift ECO 100 Ah at £220 is genuinely excellent value. I tested one myself for a small solar setup. It performs as well as batteries costing twice as much. Fogstar’s premium models (Drift PRO) add Bluetooth monitoring for an extra £50–£200, which is useful if you want to check battery status from your phone.
24V and 48V Systems (For Larger Solar Installations)
For larger off-grid systems (whole-home solar or serious commercial applications), higher voltages reduce cable losses and improve efficiency. A 24V system uses two 12V batteries in series; a 48V system uses four in series. Pricing scales accordingly: a 24V 230 Ah system (two 12V 230 Ah batteries) costs roughly £900–£1,100.
LiFePO4 vs Lead-Acid: The Real-World Comparison
Lead-acid batteries have been the standard for off-grid and RV use for decades. But LiFePO4 outperforms them in every meaningful way. Let me show you exactly why:
| Feature | LiFePO4 | Lead-Acid (AGM/Flooded) |
|---|---|---|
| Cycle Life | 3,000–5,000 cycles | 300–500 cycles |
| Lifespan | 10–15+ years | 3–5 years |
| Weight (per kWh) | ~6–8 kg/kWh | ~40–50 kg/kWh (5–7x heavier) |
| Usable Capacity | 100% (or very close) | ~50% max (deeper discharge degrades fast) |
| Efficiency | 95%+ | 80–85% |
| Cold Weather Performance | Excellent (with BMS heater) | Poor capacity in freezing temps |
| Maintenance | Zero maintenance | Regular water checks, equalization |
| Upfront Cost (300 Ah 12V) | £650–£800 | £300–£400 |
| Total Cost Over 15 Years | £650–£800 (1 battery) | £900–£1,200+ (3+ replacements) |
The maths are clear: lead-acid is cheaper initially, but you replace it every 3–5 years. LiFePO4 costs more upfront but lasts 2–3 times longer. Over 15 years, LiFePO4 saves you money and hassle.
There’s also the weight factor, which matters hugely for campervans and boats. A 300 Ah lead-acid battery weighs about 400 kg. The same capacity in LiFePO4 weighs maybe 60–80 kg. In a campervan conversion, this matters—you can fit heavier equipment (water heater, insulation) instead of dragging around dead weight.
How to Choose the Right LiFePO4 Battery for Your Needs
Step 1: Calculate Your Daily Energy Use (Wh)
List all devices and estimate daily usage:
- Fridge (60W): 24 hours = 1,440 Wh/day
- Lights (20W): 4 hours = 80 Wh/day
- Laptop (100W): 4 hours = 400 Wh/day
- Total: ~1,920 Wh/day ≈ 2 kWh/day
Step 2: Plan for Autonomy Days
How many days without sun or charging do you need to handle?
- 3 days: 2 kWh × 3 = 6 kWh needed
- 7 days: 2 kWh × 7 = 14 kWh needed
Step 3: Convert Energy to Battery Capacity
Formula: Capacity (Ah) = Energy (Wh) ÷ Voltage (V)
For 6 kWh at 12V: 6,000 Wh ÷ 12V = 500 Ah
Add 20% safety margin: 500 × 1.2 = 600 Ah capacity (could be two 300 Ah batteries in parallel, for example).
Step 4: Choose a Reputable Brand
Quality is critical. I tested batteries from multiple manufacturers. The difference between a £220 Fogstar and a £100 Chinese knock-off becomes apparent within 6 months. Buy from:
- Fogstar – UK-designed, best value, 10-year warranty, proven reviews
- Victron – Premium quality, best solar integration, expensive but flawless
- Renogy – Budget-friendly, widely available on Amazon UK, decent warranty
- Ecotree Lithium – UK specialist, good customer service
Installation & Setup
Installing a LiFePO4 battery system is straightforward for someone comfortable with electrics. The basic layout is:
Solar Panels → MPPT Charge Controller → LiFePO4 Battery → Inverter → AC Appliances
Critical Safety Points
- Use proper cable gauge (thicker wire = lower voltage drop). A 12V 100 Ah battery to 5 metres away needs at least 10mm² cable.
- Install breakers within 45cm of the battery terminals. This is non-negotiable for safety.
- Never remove or bypass the BMS. It’s there to protect you and the battery.
- Ensure proper grounding of all components.
- Never charge below 0°C (the BMS blocks this automatically, but verify).
DIY installation saves £300–£1,200 labour, but if you’re unsure about electrics, hire a professional. It’s worth the peace of mind and warranty protection.
Charging & Maintenance
Optimal Charging Practices
- Use a LiFePO4-compatible charger: Regular lead-acid chargers with “equalization” mode use high voltage that destroys the LiFePO4 BMS.
- Recommended charge voltage: 12V = 14.6V max; 24V = 29.2V max; 48V = 58.4V max
- Avoid overcharging: Modern BMS prevents this, but monitor as well.
- Allow cold batteries to warm: If the battery is below 0°C, let it reach room temperature before attempting to charge.
- Slow charging extends life: Charging over 10 hours is better for longevity than fast charging.
Maintenance Is Minimal
This is the big difference from lead-acid. There’s no:
- Water top-ups
- Equalization cycles
- Terminal corrosion checks
- Cell balancing (automatic)
Monthly: visually inspect for damage. Annually: clean terminals if oxidized. That’s it.
Real-World Use Cases
Campervan Conversion
Setup: 12V 230 Ah LiFePO4 + 400W solar panel + 2000W inverter. Powers: fridge, lights, laptop charging, heating fan. Autonomy: 2–3 days without sun. Benefit: No campsite hook-up or noisy generator needed. Freedom to park anywhere with power.
Off-Grid Cabin
Setup: 48V 100+ Ah LiFePO4 bank (multiple batteries) + 5 kW solar array + 10 kW inverter. Powers: whole house heating, cooling, cooking, appliances. Autonomy: 3–5 days without sun (winter backup). Benefit: Complete energy independence. No utility bills. The 15-year lifespan means the battery investment pays for itself through electricity savings.
Home Backup System
Setup: 24V 100 Ah LiFePO4 + 3 kW solar + 5 kW inverter. Powers: essential circuits during power cuts (fridge, heating, lights). Benefit: Protection from blackouts. Gradually paid for through electricity savings.
Frequently Asked Questions
Q: How long do LiFePO4 batteries actually last?
A: 10–15+ years in typical use. Most manufacturers rate lifespan at 3,000–5,000 cycles at 80% DoD. If you fully charge and discharge once daily, that’s 8–14 years. Real-world use (partial cycles) often extends this to 15+ years.
Q: Can I connect multiple LiFePO4 batteries?
A: Yes, if they’re the same model and capacity. Series connection (+ to -) increases voltage; parallel connection (+ to +) increases capacity. Example: Two 12V 100 Ah batteries in series = 24V 100 Ah.
Q: What happens if a LiFePO4 battery freezes?
A: LiFePO4 can survive freezing, but charging below 0°C is not recommended—the BMS will prevent it. If frozen, let it warm to room temperature before charging. Performance drops in extreme cold but recovers when warmed.
Q: Is LiFePO4 safe indoors?
A: Yes. Unlike lead-acid (produces hydrogen gas) or cobalt-based lithium-ion (fire risk), LiFePO4 is safe indoors. Ensure good ventilation and keep away from flammable materials.
Q: Can I use my old lead-acid charger?
A: Not recommended. Lead-acid chargers with “equalization” mode (high voltage > 15V) will fry the LiFePO4 BMS. Always use a LiFePO4-specific charger.
Q: What’s the warranty on these batteries?
A: Typically 5–10 years. Fogstar offers 10 years; Victron offers 10 years. Budget models often 5 years. Read the fine print—some warranties only cover manufacturing defects, not degradation.
Q: Is capacity loss permanent?
A: Yes, degradation is normal. Expect 1–2% capacity loss per year with typical use. After 10 years, most LiFePO4 batteries retain 80–90% capacity—still highly functional but less efficient than new.